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Suppose a program cook takes one argument: the pathname of a text file containing the recipe of the food to cook. Suppose I wish to call this program from within a bash script, also suppose I already have the recipe in a string variable:

#!/bin/bash



the_recipe="$(cat << EOF

wash cucumbers

wash knife

slice cucumbers

EOF

)"



cook ...  # What should I do here? It expects a file, but I only have a string.

How can I pass the recipe to the command when it expects a filename argument?

I thought about creating a temporary file just for the purpose passing a file, but I wish to know if there are alternative ways to solve this problem.

You can use the "fake" filename /dev/stdin which represents the standard input.

So execute this:

echo "$the_recipe" | cook /dev/stdin

The echo command and the pipe sends the contents of the specified variable to the standard input of the next command cook, and that opens the standard input (as a separate file descriptor) and reads that.

One other way to use the process-substitution feature of the bash shell causes a FIFO to be created under /tmp or /var/tmp, or uses a named file descriptor (/dev/fd/*), depending on the operating system. The substitution syntax (<(cmd)) is replaced by the name of the FIFO or FD, and the command inside it is run in the background.

cook <(printf '%sn' "${the_recipe}")

The command cook now reads the content of the variable as if it were available in a file.

This could also be used for more than one input file:

cook <(printf '%sn' "${the_1st_recipe}") <(printf '%sn' "${the_2nd_recipe}")

It depends on the application's capabilities. It may or may not insist on a named file, and it may or may not insist on a seekable file.

Anonymous pipe

Some applications just read input from anywhere. Typically they default to reading from standard input. If you have the data in a string and you want to pass it to the application's standard input, there are a few ways. You can pass the information via a pipe:

printf '%s' "$the_recipe" | cook     # passes $the_recipe exactly

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" | cook   # passes $the_recipe plus a final newline

Don't use echo here because depending on the shell, it might mangle backslashes.

If the application insists on a file argument, it might accept - to mean standard input. This is a common convention, but not systematic.

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" | cook -

If the application needs an actual file name, pass /dev/stdin to mean standard input.

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" | cook /dev/stdin

For some applications, even this is not enough: they need a file name with certain properties, for example with a given extension, or they need a file name in a writable directory where they create temporary files. In such cases, you generally need a temporary file, although sometimes a named pipe is enough.

Named pipe

It's possible to give a pipe a name. I mention this for completeness, but it's rarely the most convenient way. It does avoid getting the data on disk. It's suitable if the application needs a file with constraints on the name, but doesn't need the file to be seekable.

mkfifo named.pipe

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" >named.pipe & writer=$!

cook named.pipe

rm named.pipe

wait "$writer"

(Error checking omitted.)

Temporary file

If the application needs a seekable file, you need to create a temporary file. A seekable file is one where the application can go back and forth, reading arbitrary portions at a time. A pipe doesn't allow this: it needs to be read from start to finish, in sequence, without ever going backwards.

Bash, ksh and zsh have a convenient syntax to pass a string as input via a temporary file. Note that they always append a newline to the string (even if there's already one).

cook <<<"$the_recipe"

With other shells, or if you want to control which directory contains the temporary file, you need to create the temporary file manually. Most unices provide a mktemp utility to create the temporary file securely. (Never use something like … >/tmp/temp.$$! It allows other programs, even running as other users, to hijack the file.) Here's a script that creates a temporary file and takes care of removing it if interrupted.

tmp=

trap 'rm -f "$tmp"' EXIT

trap 'rm -f "$tmp"; trap "" HUP; kill -INT $$' HUP

trap 'rm -f "$tmp"; trap "" INT; kill -INT $$' INT

trap 'rm -f "$tmp"; trap "" TERM; kill -INT $$' TERM

tmp=$(mktemp)

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" >"$tmp"

cook "$tmp"

To choose where to create the temporary file, set the TMPDIR environment variable for the mktemp call. For example, to create the temporary file in the current directory rather than the default location for temporary files:

tmp=$(TMPDIR="$PWD" mktemp)

(Using $PWD rather than . gives you an absolute file name, which means you can safely call cd in your script without worrying that $tmp will no longer designate the same file.)

If the application needs a file name with a certain extension, you need to create a temporary directory and create a file there. To create the temporary directory, use mktemp -d. Again, set the TMPDIR environment variable if you want to control where the temporary directory is created.

tmp=

trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT

trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"; trap "" HUP; kill -INT $$' HUP

trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"; trap "" INT; kill -INT $$' INT

trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"; trap "" TERM; kill -INT $$' TERM

tmp=$(mktemp -d)

printf '%sn' "$the_recipe" >"$tmp/myfile.ext"

cook "$tmp/myfile.ext"