Tetrapoda




























Tetrapoda
Temporal range:
Devoniano Medio–Praesens,[1] 390–0 Ma

PreЄ





















Є

O

S

D

C

P

T

I

K

Pg

N










Repraesentationes classium quinque tetrapodorum exstantium (modo horologico a laeva superiori): a rana (amphibia), hoatzin (avis), scincida (reptile), mus (mammal), et amphiprionina (piscis)



Classificatio biologica e
Regnum:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Cladus:
Teleostomi
Superclassis:
Tetrapoda
Goodrich, 1930
Subgreges


  • Class Amphibia

  • Series Amniota

    • Clade Sauropsida

      • Class Reptilia

      • Class Aves



    • Clade Synapsida
      • Class Mammalia






Tetrapoda (a Graeco τετράπους 'quadrupes'), nomen a Goodrich anno 1930 factum, est animalium superclassis, quae prima vertebrata quattuor membrorum et eorum proles, inter quos amphibia, reptilia, mammalia, aves, et pisces, ambo vivos et exstinctos, comprehendit. Tetrapoda se ex Sarcopterygiis abhinc annorum 390 milliones, Aevo Devoniano evolverunt.[2][3] Certi tetrapodorum maiores aquatici, et ratio qua colonizatio terrestris facta est, in dubio manent, loci investigationis et disceptionis inter palaeontologos sunt.




Index






  • 1 Systema taxinomicum


    • 1.1 Phylogenia




  • 2 Notae


    • 2.1 Bibliographia




  • 3 Nexus externi





Systema taxinomicum |


  • Imperium: Eukaryota
    • Regnum: Animalia
      • Gradus: Metazoa
        • Subgradus: Eumetazoa
          • Subregnum: Bilateria
            • Infraregnum: Eucoelomata
              • Supraphylum: Deuterostomia
                • Infraphylum: Chordonia
                  • Phylum: Chordata
                    • Cladus: Craniata
                      • Subphylum: Vertebrata
                        • Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
                          • Superclassis: Tetrapoda (Goodrich, 1930)

                            • Infraclassis: Amniota

                            • Classis: Amphibia

                            • Genus: † Metaxygnathus

                            • Genus: † Ventastega

                            • Familia: † Acanthostegidae

                            • Familia: † Baphetidae

                            • Familia: † Colosteidae

                            • Familia: † Crassigyrinidae

                            • Familia: † Ichthyostegidae

                            • Familia: † Tulerpetontidae

                            • Familia: † Spathicephalidae

                            • Familia: † Whatcheeriidae

                            • Supraordo: † Lepospondyli

                            • Supraordo: † Reptiliomorpha
















Phylogenia |


Cladogramma apud Ruta, Jeffery, et Coates (2003)[4]:









Tetrapoda 













Acanthostega
















Ichthyostega
















Hynerpeton
















Tulerpeton
















Whatcheeriidae
















Crassigyrinus
















Caerorhachis










































Gephyrostegidae
















Eoherpetontidae



Embolomeri




















Seymouriamorpha

 Coronalia Tetrapoda 


























Coronalia Amniota
















Diadectomorpha



Coronalia Amniota





 Lepospondyli 


























Nectridea
















Adelospondyli



Aistopoda





 Microsauria 













Tuditanomorpha
















Microbrachomorpha
















Lysorophidae
















Microbrachomorphs
















Coronalia Lissamphibia*



Tuditanomorphs


































Baphetidae

 Temnospondyli 













Colosteidae
















Edopoidea
















Trimerorhachoidea





























Eryopoidea



Dissorophoidea


















Archegosauroidea
















Rhinesuchidae





























Rhytidosteidae
















Chigutisauridae
















Plagiosauridae



Brachyopidae






















Mastodonsauroidea
















Metoposauroidea



Trematosauroidea



































* Nota: Origo subclassis Lissamphibiorum, ad quam omnes amphibia exstantia pertinent, disputatur. Hoc cladogramma est consequentia investigationis a Ruta, Jeffery, et Coates (2003) factae, quae Lissamphibia intra Lepospondylos posuit, hoc clado intra grege coronali (Anglice: crown group) Tetrapodis. Investigatio altera, ab aisdem auctoribus, Lissamphibia intra Temnospondylos posuit, Lepospondylis sic extra grege coronali Tetrapodis, Temnospondylis intra eum.



Notae |




  1. ↑ Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, Piotr Szrek, Katarzyna Narkiewicz, Marek Narkiewicz, Per E. Ahlberg (2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland". Nature 463 (7277): 43–8 


  2. ↑ Clack 2012, pp. 125–7


  3. ↑ Narkiewicz 2015.


  4. ↑ Formula:Citejournal.



Bibliographia |



  • Benton, Michael (5 Februarii 2009). Vertebrate Palaeontology (3a ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 9781405144490 

  • Clack, J. A. (2012). Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods (2a ed.). Bloomington Indianae: Indiana University Press 

  • Laurin, Michel (2010). How Vertebrates Left the Water. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266476 

  • McGhee, George R., Jr. (2013). When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231160575 

  • Steyer, Sebastien (2012). Earth Before the Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0253223806 



Nexus externi |






Wikispecies-logo.svg
 Vide Tetrapoda apud Vicispecies.






Commons-logo.svg
Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Tetrapoda spectant.






Wikidata-logo.svg
Situs scientifici:  • ITIS • NCBI • Encyclopedia of Life • Marine Species • Fossilworks


  • Tetrapoda apud Systema Natura

  • Tetrapoda apud Animaldiversityweb

  • The Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage









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