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In the long history of Dungeons & Dragons, has there been a character class that can only create magical effects by drawing on surface? For example, a class that needs to draw a circle on the floor then activate that magic circle to use the circle's powers.

If so, what're these classes called? Further, what names are given to their styles of magic?

It may be called Rune Magic.

In Germanic-inspired high fantasy and the Forgotten Realms lore, a magic rune is a specially crafted symbol (or arrangement of symbols) that has some magical function.

The corresponding player class, and the game mechanics for creating runes, has varied by edition, but the concept is generally the same. In previous editions, the class was called Runecaster or Runepriest or Runesmith.

The class is called Rune Scribe in the 2015 Unearthed Arcana for 5E.

A rune scribe masters the secrets of the runes of power — ancient sigils that embody the fundamental magic of creation.

The 3E feat Inscribe Rune does not specify the exact appearance of a magic rune, however it indicates that magic runes have written form and contain spell effects.

Geometer is a possibility

AD&D’s Skills & Powers and D&D 3.5e’s Complete Arcane both included the option of becoming a “geometer,” a “master of written magic and spells inscribed within a perfectly rendered diagram,” per Complete Arcane’s description. The magic of a “geometer” might then be “geometry.” The association between magic and mathematics—particularly geometry—goes way, way back in our own world, and shows up in a number of games—the 3.5e spin-off Pathfinder, by Paizo, also has a feat called Sacred Geometry.

The 3.5e geometer has powers that focus on “glyphs” and “sigils,” which of course also show up frequently in various spells—glyph of warding, sepia snake sigil, and symbol of death all have a long history within D&D, for examples. Runes also get mentioned—and also appear in spells, e.g. explosive runes. And, of course, there are the magic circle spells that match perfectly what you describe in the question—draw a circle, empower it with magic, and it does things. The geometer simply focuses on such spells, but the geometer is still an arcane spellcaster.

Anyway, this to me has the same problem that “runes” do—they aren’t really drawings. The words “glyph,” “rune,” “sigil,” and “symbol” all refer to things that are rather more letter-like than a “drawing.” You write these things more than you draw them. The page MikeQ links to describes runes as secret letters of the Dwarven alphabet, the geometer is described as a “master of written spells,” and so on. They might be arranged carefully in a diagram, and might well be the subject of pretty calligraphy, but this still seems very different to me from “drawing.” But perhaps that is reading too much into that word in the question.

Note the existence of Nolzur’s marvelous pigments

Nolzur’s marvelous pigments, found in 3.5e and 5e, allow you to literally paint things into reality. So far as I know, no class focuses on these, so this offers no insight into what such a person might be called or what their magic would be called, but it does prove that “drawing magic” does exist in D&D.

Sigils

The term for the drawings you are thinking of is "sigil." Sigils are used in many RPG's to invoke magic, summon creatures, teleport, travel to other planes, etc.

For a detailed explanation of sigils check out the Wikipedia page on sigils:

A sigil (/ˈsɪdʒəl/; pl. sigilla or sigils) is a symbol used in magic. The term has usually referred to a type of pictorial signature of a demon or other entity; in modern usage, especially in the context of chaos magic, it refers to a symbolic representation of the magician's desired outcome.

Google dictionary defines a sigil as:

an inscribed or painted symbol considered to have magical power.

The etymology is from the Latin word sigillum which means ‘sign’.