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Completed grid without minus signs:

Signs:

One possibility is that 5 is negative and all others are positive. [EDITED to add:] No, wait, that's nonsense; thanks to "w l" for pointing that out in comments. Instead, take the following configuration: 6,3,7 are negative, all others positive. There are then three independent changes we can make that leave all the given products unchanged: we can flip the signs of all three corners (1,2,7); we can flip the signs of all of 8,6,4,3; we can flip the signs of all of 5,8,3,9. (You might look at those last two and say "what about the third option: 5,4,6,9?" That one's good too, but it's not independent: it's the same as doing both of the last two.)

Sketch of solution process:

Let's begin by ignoring the +/- signs. First of all, it's easy to get the corners: we know the product of all the cells, and then pairs like A,B give us the product of "all but X" for each corner X. Now we can look at the three remaining cells on each long side, and pin down what numbers have to be there; e.g., the remaining cells on the NW side have a product of 160, which can be implemented only as 4x5x8. The rest is straightforward.

We then

have to figure out the signs. There are 9 cells and 6 constraints on the signs (which you can think of as linear relations over the field with 2 elements, if you're feeling fancy) and it's fairly clear that they're independent: so there must be 9-6=3 independent things you can do without changing the signs of the given products, and a little trial and error suffices to discover what they are. Then we just need to find one configuration of signs that gives the right results. Considering once again the products of all numbers and all-but-a-corner, we see that the SE corner has to differ from the other two; let's make it negative and the others positive. The given products have a symmetry about the obvious line through that corner, so let's look for patterns symmetrical about that line. Then it's just a little trial and error again.

Here's verification that Gareth's solution is unique. I wrote a C program that just runs through every combination, with just about no smarts to speed it up since it just wasn't required. It found just the one given solution, runtime 5 milliseconds. The variables i0 through i8 correspond to triangle locations
7
012
65438

I modified it to output all possible sets of targets, and sorted them in order of "smallest total difference between all length 3 products and all length 5 products" (ie add up three differences between the three length 5 products and the three differences between the three length 3 products) and the smallest was a sum of 92, with length 6 targets (1120,1134,1152) and length three targets (40,45,54). I also checked how many sets of targets had multiple solutions. Of the 322560 sets of targets, 309888 were distinct, with 309840 being unique, 12433 having two solutions, and 48 having 6 solutions. Examples of target sets with 6 solutions are (6048, 12, 1080, 48, 840, 48) and (1680, 24, 2160, 24, 3024, 24)

Code:

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <time.h>



int targets[6]={320,162,6048,60,756,240};



int maxval=9;

int minval=1;



unsigned long Total_secs;                   // time run so far

int Milli_secs;                     // plus millisecs

static long starttime;



// Gets the system time



void Time(int First)

{

    static clock_t ticks, lticks;



    ticks = clock();

    if (First != 1)

    {

        double  Tsecs;

        Tsecs = ((double) ticks-lticks) / CLK_TCK;

        Total_secs += (unsigned long) Tsecs;

        Milli_secs += (int) (1000.0 * (Tsecs - (double) ((unsigned long) Tsecs)));

        if (Milli_secs >= 1000)

        {

            Milli_secs -= 1000;

            Total_secs++;

        }

        if (Milli_secs < 0)

        {

            Milli_secs += 1000;

            Total_secs--;

        }

    }

    else

    {

        Total_secs = 0;

        Milli_secs = 0;

    }

    lticks = ticks;

}



void main(int argc, char **argv)

{

    int i0,i1,i2,i3,i4,i5,i6,i7,i8,isols=0;



    Time(1);                                    // Initialise time registers

    for (i0=minval;i0<=maxval;i0++)

    {

        for (i1=minval;i1<maxval;i1++)

        {

            if (i1==i0) continue;

            for (i2=minval;i2<=maxval;i2++)

            {

                if (i2==i0 || i2==i1) continue;

                if (i0*i1*i2 != targets[5]) continue;

                for (i3=minval;i3<=maxval;i3++)

                {

                    if (i3==i0 || i3==i1 || i3==i2) continue;

                    for (i4=minval;i4<=maxval;i4++)

                    {

                        if (i4==i0 || i4==i1 || i4==i2 || i4==i3) continue;

                        if (i2*i3*i4 != targets[1]) continue;

                        for (i5=minval;i5<=maxval;i5++)

                        {

                            if (i5==i0 || i5==i1 || i5==i2 || i5==i3 || i5==i4) continue;

                            if (i0*i4*i5 != targets[3]) continue;

                            for (i6=minval;i6<=maxval;i6++)

                            {

                                if (i6==i0 || i6==i1 || i6==i2 || i6==i3 || i6==i4 || i6==i5) continue;

                                for (i7=minval;i7<=maxval;i7++)

                                {

                                    if (i7==i0 || i7==i1 || i7==i2 || i7==i3 || i7==i4 || i7==i5 || i7==i6) continue;

                                    if (i6*i5*i0*i1*i7 != targets[0]) continue;

                                    for (i8=minval;i8<=maxval;i8++)

                                    {

                                        if (i8==i0 || i8==i1 || i8==i2 || i8==i3 || i8==i4 || i8==i5 || i8==i6 || i8==i7) continue;

                                        if (i7*i1*i2*i3*i8 != targets[2]) continue;

                                        if (i8*i3*i4*i5*i6 != targets[4]) continue;

                                        isols++;

                                        printf("Sol %dn", isols);

                                        printf("  %1d  n",i7);

                                        printf(" %1d%1d%1d n",i0,i1,i2);

                                        printf("%1d%1d%1d%1d%1dn", i6,i5,i4,i3,i8);

                                    }

                                }

                            }

                        }                       

                    }

                }

            }

        }

    }       

    printf("Found %d solsn",isols);

    Time(2);

    printf("Time taken: %d.%dn", Total_secs, Milli_secs);

}